The Wretched of the Earth

Written by a Martinique-born psychiatrist who joined Algeria's independence war, this study dissects the psychology of colonial domination and the violence binding colonizer and colonized. Its chapter on the pitfalls of national consciousness warned that a new native bourgeoisie could simply inherit the colonial state. Translated widely and carried by activists on several continents, it framed how a generation understood what liberation would demand.

Its legacy. Its theory of violence and Sartre's preface carried it into Black Power, Palestinian and Latin American movements.